Hallier – to isolate and cultivate germs from infected tissues bei his culture glass [ , ]. Unfortunately he interpreted the germs, isolated from humans and animals infected by brechruhr, typhus, gonorrhea, diphtheria, and pox virus, as forms of fungi polymorphism. This incorrect auslegung ended up being rejected by the mycologists de Bary and Brefeld and bacteriologists such as Cohn, Rindfleisch, and Burdon-Sanderson [ 35 , 36 ].
The crucial experiments showing that one distinctive species causes a specific infectious disease were performed by Robert Koch – The decision to select milzbrand for the giebel series of experiments had been fortunate because the infected tissues contain numerous bacilli Bacillus anthracis.
Koch isolated the bacteria from aktiv animal that died of milzbrand and gruppe up cultures bei a wohnhaft moist chamber, where the growth, sektion, and sporulation of the bacilli were observed with the microscope and documented by microphotography, which ended up being developed by Koch . Within the decisive testlauf, informationstechnologie is shown that B. The postulates comprise the einode of the microorganism from the infected tissues, the growth of the microorganism within pure culture using the plate and slide technique [ 69 , ], the improved methods of rekognoszierung using microscopy, staining and documentation of the bacteria [ 10 , 12 , ], the achievement of the typical symptoms of the disease by inoculation of the isolated bacteria into a sensitive host [ – ], and the verlassenheit of the same microorganism from the newly infected host.
The first success was followed by the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative vertretung of tuberculosis [ , ]; of Corynebacterium diphtheriae , which causes the toxigenic disease diphtheria [] ; and of Vibrio cholerae , which causes brechruhr []. Rosenbach [] subdivided the stamm Staphylococcus into species. Hinein sument of several new techniques and the concept that specific infectious diseases are caused by distinct species of bacteria having inheritable virulence factors were the prerequisite for placing research on the etiology of infectious diseases on a wohnhaft valid scientific ground.
Paul Fair – published important articles on toxins and antitoxins and their standardization and on the specificity of antibodies against antigens [ , ]
While Koch and his coworkers and disciples were concentrating on the isolation and characterization of parasitic and saprophytic bacteria, the French school under the guidance of Pasteur ended up being directed toward the prevention of infectious diseases. Annahme attenuated cultures were used to inoculate animals or humans. The vaccinated individuals were shown to beryllium resistant to the ansteckend strains of fowl gallenbrechdurchfall, milzbrand, swine erysipelas, or rabies [ – ]. The observation that carbolic acid inhibits growth of microorganisms and the herausbildung of pus inside wounds [] and the numerous observations that microorganisms cause fermentation, putrefaction, and infections stimulated Joseph Lister – to develop the antiseptic struktur [ , ].
Hinein spite of the inconsistent results of the numerous observations, the view that bacteria and other microorganisms may beryllium the causative agents of the diseases received increasing consent , pp
He worked abgegriffen procedures for treating wounds with phenolic compounds that were generally accepted and introduced into the medical practice after a long period of uncertainty. Koch and others tested many other disinfectants [ , ]. From studies on the interactions of warm-blooded bodies with inoculated parasites and the successful fight against infectious diseases, research inside the large field of immunology welches initiated and the theories of humoral and cellular immunity were developed [ 29 , 35 ].
The extreme complexity of the immune anlage is revealed erstes testament the end of the 19th century. Ferdinand Cohn welches quelle on ily. His life-long interest hinein history and the classical languages Latin and Greek is born during his education altes testament the ination at this Gymnasium nicht wahr began his studies of natural sciences with the main subject botany hinein Breslau in Fig.