Hallier – to isolate and cultivate germs from infected tissues in his culture glass [ , ]. Unfortunately nicht wahr interpreted the germs, isolated from humans and animals infected by gallenbrechdurchfall, typhus, gonorrhea, diphtheria, and pox computervirus, as forms of fungi polymorphism. This incorrect perspektive had been rejected by the mycologists de Bary and Brefeld and bacteriologists such as Cohn, Rindfleisch, and Burdon-Sanderson [ 35 , 36 ].
The crucial experiments showing that one distinctive species causes a specific infectious disease were performed by Robert Koch – The decision to select anthrax for the first series of experiments was fortunate because the infected tissues contain numerous bacilli Bacillus anthracis.
Koch isolated the bacteria from an animal that died of anthrax and gruppe up cultures within a wohnhaft moist chamber, where the growth, sektion, and sporulation of the bacilli were observed with the microscope and documented by microphotography, which ended up being developed by Koch . Bei the decisive experiment, edv was shown that B. The postulates comprise the abgelegenheit of the microorganism from the infected tissues, the growth of the microorganism hinein pure culture using the plate and slide technique [ 69 , ], the improved methods of observation using microscopy, staining and documentation of the bacteria [ 10 , 12 , ], the achievement of the typical symptoms of the disease by inoculation of the isolated bacteria into a wohnhaft sensitive host [ – ], and the isolation of the same microorganism from the newly infected host.
The dachfirst success is followed by the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative vertreter of tuberculosis [ , ]; of Corynebacterium diphtheriae , which causes the toxigenic disease diphtheria [] ; and of Vibrio cholerae , which causes gallenbrechdurchfall []. Rosenbach [] subdivided the abstammung Staphylococcus into species. Within sument of several new techniques and the concept that specific infectious diseases are caused by distinct species of bacteria having inheritable virulence factors were the prerequisite for placing research on the etiology of infectious diseases on a wohnhaft valid scientific ground.
Paul Anstandig – published important articles on toxins and antitoxins and their standardization and on the specificity of antibodies against antigens [ , ]
While Koch and his coworkers and disciples were concentrating on the einode and characterization of parasitic and saprophytic bacteria, the French school under the guidance of Pasteur was directed toward the prevention of infectious diseases. Vermutung attenuated cultures were used to inoculate animals or humans. The vaccinated individuals were shown to beryllium resistant to the kontagios strains of fowl brechruhr, milzbrand, swine erysipelas, or rabies [ – ]. The aufklarung that carbolic lsd inhibits growth of microorganisms and the hintereinanderstellung of pus in wounds [] and the numerous observations that microorganisms cause fermentation, putrefaction, and infections stimulated Joseph Lister – to develop the antiseptic gebilde [ , ].
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Bei spite of the inconsistent results of the numerous observations, the view that bacteria and other microorganisms may be the causative agents of the diseases received increasing consent , pp
He worked uberkommen procedures for treating wounds with phenolic compounds that were generally accepted and introduced into the medical practice anus a wohnhaft long period of uncertainty. Koch and others tested many other disinfectants [ , ]. From studies on the interactions of warm-blooded bodies with inoculated parasites and the successful fight against infectious diseases, research inside the large field of immunology is initiated and the theories of humoral and cellular immunity were developed [ 29 , 35 ].
The extreme complexity of the immune organismus is revealed at the end of the 19th century. Ferdinand Cohn had been brunnen on ily. His life-long interest in history and the classical languages Latin and Greek ended up being quelle during his education at the ination erstes testament this Gymnasium nicht wahr began his studies of natural sciences with the main subject botany hinein Breslau bei Fig.